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埃及奖章Egypt Medal
1798年,拿破仑入侵埃及,英国联合土耳其击败了法军。之后,名义上是土耳其恢复了对埃及的统治,但实际上是英国掌握了埃及的命脉。1851年,英国取得了修建亚历山大至开罗铁路的特权,1856年,法国取得了开凿苏伊士运河的特权。1869年,经过10年施工,以12万名埃及劳工的生命为代价,苏伊士运河终于开通。1875年,英国获得苏伊士运河公司44%的股票,取得了运河控制权。1876年,埃及政府宣布财政破产,英法两国趁机掌握了埃及的财政大权和经济命脉,彻底控制了埃及,而埃及总督则沦为他们的傀儡。
面对殖民者的大肆掠夺,1881年9月,埃及陆军中校阿拉比率陆军起义。起义者以“埃及是埃及人的埃及”为口号,获得了士兵、农民等大多数埃及人的支持,并逐渐掌握了埃及政权。眼看形势失控,英国遂进行武装干涉,试图控制苏伊士运河乃至整个埃及。
1882年7月,英国一支分舰队炮击并占领了埃及的亚历山大港。8月,4万多名英军在苏伊士运河地区登陆,向开罗推进。9月13日,两军在开罗附近的特勒凯比尔展开决战。由于埃及军队中的贝都因部落被英国人收买,埃军最终战败,标志着埃及完全沦为英国的殖民地。这场持续了3个月的战争也随之落幕。
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弗雷德里克·罗伯茨将军,可以看到其佩戴着四个铭条的第二次阿富汗战争奖章和喀布尔到坎大哈之星。供图/DNW
战争结束后,1882年10月,英国政府设立“埃及奖章”,授予在1882年参与战争的英国陆军和皇家海军。后期,奖章授予范围扩大,包括参与了1884—1889年与苏丹战争的军人也获得了该奖章。
埃及奖章为银制,圆形,直径36毫米。奖章正面图案为中年维多利亚女皇左侧肖像,女王披纱戴冠,外圈用拉丁文刻着“女王兼女皇”(REGINA ET IMPERATRIX);奖章背面图案是埃及的象征—狮身人面像,图案上方刻着“埃及”(EGYPT)字样,下方刻着这场战争的时间——1882年。后期,也有部分奖章没有刻上时间。
奖章顶部有一根圆柱形长杆,用以连接绶带。配套绶带为蓝——白——蓝——白——蓝条纹。奖章设立了13种铭条,其中2种授予参与英埃战争中的军事人员,另11种授予参与1884—1889年与苏丹战争的军事人员。这13种铭条分别是:“亚历山大7月11日”(Alexandria 11thJuly)、“特勒凯比尔”(Tel-El-Kebir)、“萨瓦金1884”(Suakin 1884)、“艾尔杜卜”(El-Teb)、塔马”(Tamaai)、“艾尔杜卜-塔马(El-Teb_Tamaai)、“尼罗河1884—1885年”(The Nile 1884-85)、“阿布克莱”(Abu Klea)、“克尔贝坎”(Kirbekan)、萨瓦金1885年”(Suakin 1885)、“通法科”(Tofrek)、“詹梅本1888年”(Gemaizah 1888)和“托斯基1889年”(Toski 1889)。
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埃及亚历山大港内的英军装甲列车
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反映特勒凯比尔之战的画作
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埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“ALEXANDRIA 11THJULY”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“TEL-EL-KEBIR”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“EL-TEB”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“TAMMAI”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“SUAKIN 1884”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“SUAKIN 1885”铭条的无年代版埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“TOSKI 1889”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“GEMAIZAH 1888”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“THE NILE 1884-85”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“EL-TEB_TAMAAI”铭条的无年代版埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“ALEXANDRIA 11TH JULY”和“SUAKIN 1884”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“EL-TEB_TAMMAI”和“THE NILE 1884-85”铭条的无年代版埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“ABU KLEA”和“THE NILE 1884-85”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“GEMAIZAH 1888”和“TOSKI 1889”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“TEL-EL-KEBIR”和“SUAKIN 1885”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“SUAKIN 1884”和“SUAKIN 1885”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“SUAKIN 1885”和“TOFREK”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“SUAKIN 1885”和“TOFREK”铭条的无年代版埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“TEL-EL-KEBIR”和“THE NILE 1884-85”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“SUAKIN 1884”和“TEL-EL_TAMMAI”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“SUAKIN 1884”和“TAMMAI”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“THE NILE 1884-85”和“KIRBEKAN”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“TEL-EL-KEBIR”“SUAKIN 1884”和“EL-TEB_TAMAAI”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“TEL-EL-KEBIR”“SUAKIN 1884”和“TAMAAI”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“TEL-EL-KEBIR”“THE NILE 1884-85”和“ABU KLEA”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“EL -TEB _TAMAAI”“THE NILE 1884-85”和“KIRBEKAN”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“EL -TEB _TAMAAI”“THE NILE 1884-85”和“ABU KLEA”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“ALEXANDRIA 11THJULY”“THE NILE 1884-85”和“KIRBEKAN”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“TEL-EL-KEBIR”“SUAKIN 1884”“EL-TEB_TAMAAI”和“THE NILE 1884-85”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“SUAKIN 1884”“EL-TEB_TAMAAI”和“THE NILE 1884-85”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“SUAKIN 1885”“GEMAIZAH 1888”和“TOSKI 1889”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“EL -TEB _TAMAAI”“SUAKIN 1885”和“TOFREK”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“EL-TEB”“THE NILE 1884-85”和“KIRBEKAN”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“SUAKIN 1884”“EL-TEB_TAMAAI”“THE NILE 1884-85”和“ABU KLEA”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“SUAKIN 1884”“EL-TEB”“THE NILE 1884-85”和“KIRBEKAN”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“SUAKIN 1884”“EL-TEB”“THE NILE 1884-85”和“ABU KLEA”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“ALEXANDRIA 11THJULY”“TEL-EL-KEBIR”“SUAKIN 1884”和“EL-TEB_TAMAAI”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“TEL-EL-KEBIR”“SUAKIN 1884”“EL-TEB”“THE NILE 1884-85”和“KIRBEKAN”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
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带有“TEL-EL-KEBIR”“SUAKIN 1884”“EL-TEB_TAMMAI”“THE NILE 1884-85”和“KIRBEKAN”铭条的埃及奖章。供图/DNW
值得一提的是,1882年,埃及被英国击败后,沦为英国傀儡的埃及赫迪夫(相当于总督)陶菲克帕夏也在当年设立了“赫迪夫之星”,颁发给1882—1891年期间参与镇压起义和与苏丹马赫迪作战的英国、印度和埃及军人。所以,获得过埃及奖章的英国和埃及军人,基本上也会相应获得赫迪夫之星。该奖章为铜制,呈五角星形,高60毫米,宽42毫米。正面中央图案是浮雕的金字塔和狮身人面像,外环上下分别用英文和埃及文字刻着“埃及1882年”字样。奖章背面则有陶菲克帕夏的标记,标记上方是一顶王冠图案。奖章顶部与绶带连接处为伊斯兰风格的星月饰。配套绶带为纯海蓝色。该奖章共设置了4种铭条。